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Background: Approximately one-third of the world's population is infected with the bacteria that cause tuberculosis (TB). 99.9% of human DNA is similar and 0.1% dissimilar; this is because of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). Aims: SNPs are the efficient way of identifying the genes implicated to common complex diseases. These SNPs are helpful in assessment and management of TB by using GIS system. Materials and Methods: In this article, particular SNPs relevant to TB is obtained from F-SNP database which is helpful in making SNP profile of TB patients, having coded information (different types of SNP) of each individual. This coded information is used to make SNP medical card of each individual. Results: If the SNP information made available on the GIS, it can be used by physicians, health care providers, and government to find out genetic origin of TB, susceptibility of patient toward them, and drugs to treat them. Physicians can use the SNP medical card as a powerful tool in designing the individual drug and dosage regimen and prediction of drug ADR related to particular patient. Conclusion: SNP medical card can be used as a powerful tool for combating TB in developing country like India.

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Aim: A simple, precise and accurate RP-HPLC method with UV-Visible detector has been developed and subsequently validated for the simultaneous determination of propranolol hydrochloride (PRP) and flunarizine dihydrochloride (FLU) in their combined dosage formulation. Materials and Methods: The separation was based on the use of a Kromasil C8 analytical column (150 × 4.6 mm, i.d., 5 μm). The mobile phase consisted of a mixture of 70 volumes of methanol and 30 volumes of 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 3.8). The separation was carried out at 40°C temperature with a flow rate of 0.8 ml/ min. Result and Conclusion: Quantitation was achieved with UV detection at 242 nm, with linear calibration curves at concentration ranges of 32-72 μg/ml for PRP and 8-18 μg/ml for FLU. The recoveries obtained were 98.97-101.10% and 98.86-102.27% for PRP and FLU, respectively. The method was validated according to the ICH guidelines in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, robustness, limits of detection, limit of quantitation, and system suitability of analytical method validation.

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Background: A fixed dose combination of cefuroxime sodium (β lactam antibiotic) and sulbactam sodium (β Lactamase inhibitor) is used in ratio of 2:1 as powder for injection for the treatment of resistant lower respiratory tract and other infections. Aims: A simple, precise, and accurate ion-pair reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for determination of cefuroxime Na(CEF) and sulbactam Na(SUL) in injection. Materials and Methods: Isocratic RP-HPLC separation was achieved on an ACE C ₁₈ column (150×4.6 mm id, 5 μm particle size) using the mobile phase 0.002 M tetrabutylammonium hydroxide sulfate (TBAH) in 10 mm potassium di-hydrogen phosphate buffer-acetonitrile (86:14 v/v, pH 3.7) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. Results and Conclusion: The retention time of sulbactam Na and cefuroxime Na were 3.2 min and 10.2 min, respectively. The ion-pairing reagent improved the retention of highly polar sulbactam Na on reverse-phase column. The detection was performed at 210 nm. The method was validated for linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness, solution stability, and specificity. The method was validated for linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness, solution stability, and specificity. The method was linear in the concentration range of 10-100 μg/ml for cefuroxime Na and 5-50 μg/ml for sulbactam Na, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9999 and 0.9998 for the respective drugs. The intraday precision was 0.13-0.21% and 0.48-0.65%, and the interday precision was 0.32-0.81% and 0.60-0.83% for cefuroxime Na and sulbactam Na, respectively. The accuracy (recovery) was found to be in the range of 98.76-100.61% and 98.99-100.30% for cefuroxime Na and sulbactam Na, respectively. The drugs were found to degrade under hydrolytic and oxidative conditions. The drugs could be effectively separated from different degradation products, and hence the method can be used for stability analysis.

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Background: Ziprasidone, a novel antipsychotic, exhibits a potent highly selective antagonistic activity on D2 and 5HT2A receptors. Literature survey for ziprasidone revealed several analytical methods based on different techniques but no UPLC method has been reported so far. Aim: Aim of this research paper is to present a simple and rapid stability indicating isocratic, ultra performance liquid chromatographic (UPLC) method which was developed and validated for the determination of ziprasidone active pharmaceutical ingredient. Forced degradation studies of ziprasidone were studied under acid, base, oxidative hydrolysis, thermal stress and photo stress conditions. Materials and Methods: The quantitative determination of ziprasidone drug was performed on a Supelco analytical column (100×2.1 mm i.d., 2.7 ΅m) with 10 mM ammonium acetate buffer (pH: 6.7) and acetonitrile (ACN) as mobile phase with the ratio (55:45-Buffer:ACN) at a flow rate of 0.35 ml/ min. For UPLC method, UV detection was made at 318 nm and the run time was 3 min. Developed UPLC method was validated as per ICH guidelines. Results and Conclusion: Mild degradation of the drug substance was observed during oxidative hydrolysis and considerable degradation observed during basic hydrolysis. During method validation, parameters such as precision, linearity, ruggedness, stability, robustness, and specificity were evaluated, which remained within acceptable limits. Developed UPLC method was successfully applied for evaluating assay of Ziprasidone active Pharma ingredient.

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Background: Many clinical laboratories have problems detecting various β-lactamases. Confusion exists about the importance of these resistance mechanisms, optimal test methods, and appropriate reporting conventions. It is more imperative to use various phenotypic methods for detection of various β-lactamases in routine microbiology laboratory on day-to-day basis to prevent antimicrobial resistance by evidence-based judicious use of antimicrobials. Aims: In view of the multidrug-resistant organisms being reported world over, we planned a cross-sectional prospective analytical study to determine resistance mechanism by various β-lactamases in Gram-negative clinical isolates using various phenotypic methods. Materials and Methods: All nonrepeat, nonenteric clinical isolates of Gram-negative bacilli, resistant to at least two third-generation cephalosporins, were first screened by Novel disc placement method, and isolates showing multiple mechanisms of resistance and reduced zone of inhibition for imipenem were further confirmed for AmpC and metallo β-lactamases. Statistical Analysis: All the data was managed and analyzed in Microsoft Excel. Results: Out of 807 isolates tested, as many as 795 (98.51%) revealed the presence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs). Only 10 isolates of Escherichia coli and 2 of Klebsiella pneumoniae did not show production of ESBL. A total of 450 (55.76%) isolates produced single enzyme,while 345 (42.75%) strains revealed multiple enzyme production simultaneously. Only ESBL production was seen in 315 (39.03%) strains, only AmpC in 75 (9.29%) and only MBL in 60 (7.44%) strains, while ESBL and AmpC together were seen in 219 (27.14%) and AmpC plus MBL in 92 (11.40%) strains. However, ESBL plus MBL were never observed together. All three enzymes were simultaneously detected in 34 (4.21%) strains. Conclusion: This innovative method of disc placement makes it easy, affordable, and reliable method for routine use by basic microbiology laboratories for detection of various β-lactamases, pending confirmation for AmpC and metallo β-lactamase by three-dimensional test and double disc potentiation test, respectively.

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Aim: The main aim of this present investigation is to apply the hydrotropic solubilization phenomenon for spectroscopic analysis of poorly water-soluble drugs to avoid the use organic solvents which may be costlier, toxic to environment, volatile, and pollutant. Materials and Methods: A simple ultra violet spectroscopic method was used for the content analysis by diluting the drug cefixime with various hydrotropic agents. In this study, 20% solutions of sodium salicylate (SS), sodium citrate (SC), sodium acetate (SA), and sodium benzoate (SB) were used as hydrotropes for the analysis of cefixime. Results and Discussion: The drug cefixime showed the linearity of 0.5-2 μg/mL in SS, 5-30 μg/mL in SC, 5-50 μg/mL in SA, and 0.05-0.30 μg/mL in SB solution. Then the proposed methods were validated with respect to accuracy and precision as per International Conference of Harmonization guidelines Q2 (R1), November 2005 (Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology). The drug showed less limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values (LOD = 0.0225471 μg/mL and LOQ 0.0683246 μg/mL) to SB solution and it obeyed the Beer's law at very low concentration range (0.05-0.30 μg/mL) which proved that the drug has high sensitivity with SB solution. Conclusions: Finally, it was concluded that the all proposed methods were simple, cost-effective, safe to environment, rapid, reproducible, and highly sensitive with SB solution.

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Background: Progressive External Opthalmoplegia (PEO1) or Chromosome 10 open reading frame 2 gene (OMIM ID 606075) encodes Twinkle protein, a phage T7 gene 4-like hexameric helicase, and is associated with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions and neuromuscular disease called autosomal dominant PEO (adPEO). Twinkle has also been known to play an important role in the stability and maintenance of the mtDNA. Aims: In this study as an effort of Indian Genome Variation Consortium, we screened the SNPs of PEO1 gene such as rs7184, rs1535349, rs2863095, rs3740484, rs3740488, rs3740489, rs4919511, rs17113613, rs3824783, rs3740485, rs3740486, and rs3740487 in discovery panel (a population set of 40 DNA samples), and four synonymous SNPs, namely rs3824783 (ancestral allele=A), rs3740485 (ancestral allele=T), rs3740486 (ancestral allele=C), and rs3740487 (ancestral allele=A) in a large validation panel composed of 55 Indian subpopulations. Materials and Methods: In present study, a total of 55 Indian subpopulations were identified and collected for validation panel to check the frequencies of SNPs in PEO1 gene. Results and Conclusion: The allelic and genotype frequencies are found to be variable among different ethnic groups of India.

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A solid understanding of the etiology of periodontitis is critical for developing therapies that can ensure long-lasting disease control. Research during the past 15 years has implied that herpes viruses are involved in the etiopathogeny of destructive periodontal disease. Because of the high copy counts of Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus in aggressive and chronic periodontitis, it is unlikely that these pathogenic viruses are acting merely as innocuous bystanders present in proportion to the severity of the underlying periodontal pathosis. However, herpes viruses are probably not stand-alone periodontopathic agents but cooperate with specific bacteria in periodontal tissue breakdown. A coinfection of active herpes viruses and periodontopathic bacteria may constitute a major cause of periodontitis and explain a number of the clinical characteristics of the disease. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the evidence supporting the hypothesis that viral infection plays a role in the development of periodontitis.

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Humans emanate a variety of volatile and non-volatile molecules that are influenced by genetics, diet, stress, and disease. Halitosis is widespread and is believed to affect one quarter of the population around the world. Literature depicts various classifications, causes, contributing factors, associated micro-organisms, and techniques for assessment, diagnosis, and treatment for halitosis. Studies have revealed that oral environment, including periodontal disease, contribute significantly in the production of oral malodor. Based on the current literature and research, this review presents a brief overview of the same; thereby helping the reader bridge information into clinical application by suggesting protocols developed to assist patients in overcoming halitosis.

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The early genesis of the concept of nanomedicine sprang from the visionary idea that tiny nanorobots and related machines could be designed, manufactured, and introduced into the human body to perform cellular repairs at the molecular level. Nanomedicine today has branched out in hundreds of different directions, each of them embodying the key insight that the ability to structure materials and devices at the molecular scale can bring enormous immediate benefits in the research and practice of medicine. The integration of nanotechnology with biology and medicine has given birth to a new field of science called "Nanomedicine". Research into the rational delivery and targeting of pharmaceutical, therapeutic, and diagnostic agents is at the forefront of projects in nanomedicine. These involve the identification of precise targets (cells and receptors) related to specific clinical conditions and choice of the appropriate nanocarriers to achieve the required responses while minimizing the side effects. Mononuclear phagocytes, dendritic cells, endothelial cells, and cancers (tumor cells as well as tumor neovasculature) are key targets. The ultimate goal of nanomedicine is to develop well-engineered nanotools for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of many diseases. Nanomedicine today has branched out in hundreds of different directions, each of them embodying the key insight that the ability to structure materials and devices at the molecular scale can bring enormous immediate benefits in the research and practice of medicine.

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Double lip, also referred to as "macrocheilia," is a rare anomaly which affects the upper lip more commonly than the lower lip. It consists of a fold of excess or redundant hypertrophic tissue on the mucosal side of the lip. The congenital double lip is believed to be present at birth and becomes more prominent after eruption of teeth. It affects esthetics and also interferes with speech and mastication. Simple surgical excision produces good functional and cosmetic results. We report a case of a non-syndromic congenital maxillary double lip in a 21-year-old male patient.

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